Answer: A) formal sanction
Step-by-step explanation:
Formal sanctions are the actions which are either appreciated by the reward or are punished under the legal standing in the count of law. These are enforced by the authoritative forces or formal organization.
The crime of tagging involves defacing any entity or building by writing or drawing or marking.
The crime of visual terrorism is the spread or distribution of videos related to terrorism in public to create threat among people.
Both tagging and visual terrorism are crimes which must be punished under the formal sanction.