At the start of the twentieth century there were approximately 250,000 Native Americans in the USA - just 0.3 per cent of the population most living on
reservations where they exercised a limited degree of self-government. During the course of the nineteenth century they had been deprived of much of their land by forced removal westwards, by a succession of treaties (which were often not honoured by the white authorities) and by military
defeat by the USA as it expanded its
control over the American West.
In 1831 the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, John Marshall, had attempted to
define their status. He declared that Indian tribes were 'domestic dependent nations whose 'relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian' Marshall was, in effect, recognising that America's Indians are unique in that, unlike any other minority, they are both separate nations and part of the United States. This helps to explain why relations between the federal government and the Native Americans have been so troubled. A
guardian prepares his ward for adult
independence, and so Marshall's
judgement implies that US policy should
aim to assimilate Native Americans into
mainstream US culture. But a guardian also protects and nurtures a ward until
adulthood is achieved, and
therefore Marshall also suggests that the federal government has a special
obligation to care for its Native American population. As a result, federal policy towards Native Americans has lurched back and forth, sometimes aiming for assimilation and, at other times, recognising its responsibility for assisting Indian development.