Factorize 12, then distribute the logarithm over the product:
log₃(12) = log₃(3 • 4) = log₃(3) + log₃(4) = 1 + log₃(4)
If x = log₃(12), then
x = 1 + log₃(4) ===> log₃(4) = x - 1
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