Answer: Temperate broadleaf forests occur in areas of warm summers and cold winters, with precipitation often spread throughout the year but more seasonal in some areas. Snow is common in the northern part of the zone but decreases greatly to the south. The heavy tree cover and warm, wet summers allows a maximal buildup of organic materials that form a well-developed humus layer, generally in loamy soils. The surface soil is dark brown and slightly acid, with more reddish layers below from the buildup of iron oxides. This is a rich, fertile soil. The broad, thin leaves of angiosperm trees grow rapidly, intercept photons efficiently, and provide effective photosynthetic organs during the warm, wet summers of this zone. However, they would be detrimental during the tree's winter dormancy, allowing water loss and possibly tissue damage from cold while not functioning photosynthetically. There are many types of seasonal adaptations in the fauna as well as in the flora. A large proportion of the birds and many bats migrate south in winter, while the remainder of the bats and some other mammals hibernate during this period of greatly reduced food supply and adverse climatic conditions. Food storage is feasible because of the ease of storing substances at low temperatures, and this adaptation is important to some jays and squirrels that specialize on mast-producing trees such as oaks and beeches. Cicadas, with amazingly synchronized emergence cycles that allow them to saturate predator populations, are characteristic of this zone.
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