Final answer:
British rule in 19th century India had a profound impact on the economy, realigning it to serve British needs by forcing the production of cash crops and undercutting local industries while developing infrastructure for colonial benefit.
Step-by-step explanation:
One major effect of British rule in India during the 19th century was the transformation of India's economy to serve British interests. The British Raj enforced policies that led to the deindustrialization of India's traditional industries and the aligning of the Indian economy with the needs of British industry. Indian farmers were forced to grow cash crops such as cotton and tea, which were essential for British factories and households, while Indian consumers were encouraged to buy British-manufactured goods due to high excise taxes imposed on local textiles.
Additionally, infrastructure projects like railroads and telegraph lines were developed, primarily benefitting British commercial interests by transporting British goods inland and Indian cash crops to the coast for export to Britain. This economic restructuring caused a significant shift away from the traditional Indian economy and had long-lasting impacts on the societal and cultural fabric of the region.