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Gunpowder Empires or Islamic Gunpowder Empires refers to the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires as they flourished from the 16th century to the 18th century. These three empires were among the strongest and most stable economies of the early modern period, leading to commercial expansion, and greater patronage of culture, while their political and legal institutions were consolidated with an increasing degree of centralisation. The empires underwent a significant increase in per capita income and population, and a sustained pace of technological innovation. They stretched from Central Europe and North Africa in the west to between today's modern Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east.
Vast amounts of territory were conquered by the Islamic gunpowder empires with the use and development of the newly invented firearms, especially cannon and small arms, in the course of imperial expansion. Like in Europe, the introduction of gunpowder weapons prompted changes such as the rise of centralized monarchical states. According to G. S. Hodgson, in the gunpowder empires these changes went well beyond military organisation The Mughals, based in the Indian subcontinent, inherited in part the Timurid Renaissance,and are recognised for their lavish architecture and for having heralded in Bengal an era of what some describe as proto-industrialization. The Safavids created an efficient and modern state administration for Iran and sponsored major developments in the fine arts. The sultans of the Constantinople-based Ottoman caliphate, also known as the Kaysar-i Rûm, were the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and thus heads of the Islamic world. Their powers, wealth, architecture, and various contributions significantly influenced the course of Asian and European history.
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