Final answer:
The word 'special' in the given sentence is an adjective, which describes the type of pen or brush used in calligraphy. Calligraphy is an art form that involves the skillful creation of beautiful script, valued throughout history and across cultures for its ability to express elegance and personal style.
Step-by-step explanation:
The word 'special' in the sentence 'The art of producing beautiful writing with a (special) pen or brush is called calligraphy.' functions as an adjective. An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, qualifies, or modifies a noun or a pronoun. In this instance, 'special' is used to describe the type of pen or brush used in the practice of calligraphy, implying that it's not just any pen or brush but one specifically designed or selected for this art form.
Calligraphy is a respected art that involves the aesthetic creation of symbols with controlled and expressive penmanship. During the Song Dynasty, the refined skills of calligraphy were seen as a reflection of one's social status, and the materials used, such as rice paper and soot-based ink, were critical in creating elegant script. Subsequently, through the Ming Dynasty and Islamic cultures, calligraphy evolved into a means of personal expression and was integral to art, poetry, and religious texts.