Answer:
e. (b) and (c) only
Step-by-step explanation:
Pollution can be defined as the physical degradation or contamination of the environment through an emission of harmful, poisonous and toxic chemical substances.
Offset trading refers to a type of trading system that is typically designed for the realization of more efficient pollution control.
Free market in tradable pollution permits simply means giving manufacturing companies and individuals the legal right to pollution of the environment. For example, XYZ company is purchasing the permit of 500 units of carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution annually, this simply means it is permitted to pollute the environment by 500 units of CO2 annually.
Additionally, a free market in tradable pollution permits has some sort of benefits as companies can resell their unused permits or devise a cheaper means of reducing pollution. It also compensate companies that significantly reduces its pollution of the environment.
The key components of a tradeable pollution permit system include;
I. The issuance of a fixed number of permits to new and existing business firms that emit pollutants.
II. A means through which permits can be exchanged among polluters such as new business firms being able to pay existing firms to reduce their emissions below a specific standard.