Question

In the example of adrenaline signaling, which steps represent an amplification of the signal?.

Answer 1

In adrenaline signaling, signal amplification occurs when a single hormone-receptor interaction leads to the activation of multiple G-proteins, which then activate adenylate cyclase to produce many cAMP molecules. These in turn activate PKA, leading to a large cellular response from a small initiatory signal.

Step-by-step explanation:

The steps in adrenaline signaling that represent signal amplification occur after the initial hormone-receptor binding. When a hormone such as adrenaline binds to its receptor on the cell membrane, it leads to the activation of multiple G-proteins. Each activated G-protein then activates adenylate cyclase, which in turn catalyzes the formation of multiple cAMP molecules. This increase in cAMP levels amplifies the signal because cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), and each activated PKA can then catalyze numerous subsequent reactions. These enzymatic cascades result in the amplification of the initial signal, enabling a small amount of hormone to produce a large cellular response. To regulate this response, cAMP is eventually broken down by phosphodiesterase (PDE), ensuring the signal does not become excessive.

Answer 2

The mechanism to activate an immune cell to make an antibody involves signal transduction using tyrosine kinases. Place in order the following series of steps to activate this function. (1) The activated receptor phosphorylates cytoplasmic proteins. (2) Conformational change occurs in the receptor tyrosine kinase. (3) Cytoplasmic protein crosses the nuclear membrane to activate genes. (4) An immune hormone signals the immune cell. (5) Activation of protein kinase site(s) adds phosphates to the receptor to activate it. a. 2,1,4,3,5 b. 5,3,4,2,1 c. 4,1,5,2,3 d. 4,2,5,1,3 e. 2,5,3,4,1

Step-by-step explanation:

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