A “republic” is a form of government that is not a monarchy and functions by a method of public assembly. The word “democratic” describes a form of ruling a government by all the people or all the population as opposed to a select group in oligarchy or one person rule in autocracy. Democratic means a government that operates by democracy. Democratic entities exist across a spectrum of criteria and is not a binary feature. There is no one criteria that makes or breaks a democracy. A government with 20 democratic features is “more” democratic than another with only 19 democratic features. The word “federal” describes a form of administration that is in contrast to another form called “unitary”. A federal government administers a nation by granting limited autonomy to sub-national administrative units. The regional units have defined but limited powers to exercise independent of the central government. The contrasting form of a unitary government has an hierarchical organization like a military chain of command. A federal system applies the concepts of federalism that are usually more expensive and more complex than the unitary system. A federal system is wise to use in countries with high diversity due to languages and ethnicities. A federal system is obstructive to tyrannical efforts and obstructive to democratic aspirations.
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