Question

Refer to the two passages.

Source 1

"As the Secretary-General and others have argued, if U.N. peacekeeping is to be a sound security investment for our nation and for other U.N. members, it must adapt to new times. Together we must prepare U.N. peacekeeping for the 21st century. We need to begin by bringing the rigors of military and political analysis to every U.N. peace mission.

In recent weeks in the Security Council, our Nation has begun asking harder questions about proposals for new peacekeeping missions: Is there a real threat to international peace? Does the proposed mission have clear objectives? Can an end point be identified for those who will be asked to participate? How much will the mission cost? From now on, the United Nations should address these and other hard questions for every proposed mission before we vote and before the mission begins.”

President Bill Clinton, addressing the United Nations about peacekeeping missions, 1993

Source 2

"It is 15 years since the genocide of over a million Rwandan Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The ramifications of this tragedy are felt by genocide survivors, their children and Rwandans everywhere. We gather here today to honour the memory of the victims and reflect upon the challenges faced by survivors. The 15th Commemoration of the Genocide in Rwanda was marked earlier today at Nyanza, Kicukiro. In April 1994 about five thousand men, women and children had sought refuge with the Belgian contingent of the United Nations peacekeeping force, based at the E.T.O (a technical school), near Nyanza-Kicukiro. Even though they were surrounded by their killers, the UN force withdrew, leaving them to be slaughtered by Interahamwe militias and the then Rwandan Armed Forces. This site symbolises the international community’s failure in Rwanda and serves as a warning to world leaders of the consequences of ignoring the propagation of ethnic or religious hatred and of failing and abdicating their responsibility to protect people from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.”

Rwandan professor Joseph Nsengimana, speaking to the United Nations on the anniversary of the Rwandan genocide, 2009

Which of the following best explains how the ideas expressed in Source 1 influenced the actions described in Source 2?

The United Nations began vetting peacekeeping missions, which had unintended consequences.

When the United Nations began analyzing proposed missions, its forces became more effective in the field.

The United Nations’ implementation of President Clinton's proposal was a direct cause of the Rwandan genocide.

After the United Nations adopted President Clinton's ideas, new peacekeeping forces did not have the skills to protect civilian populations.

Answer 1

The United Nations’ implementation of President Clinton's proposal was a direct cause of the Rwandan genocide.

Step-by-step explanation:

In the first text, we can see that President Clinton presented the idea that the UN peacekeeping missions should be done after an analysis is completed. This analysis should take into account the cost of the mission, the existence of a relative threat and whether the efforts would be worthwhile. Clinton's words were heard and adopted by the UN, but this caused the UN peacekeepers to withdraw from extremely dangerous events and leave a population in danger, completely unprotected. This happened in the Rwandan genocide, where some 5,000 men, women and children were abandoned by the UN peacekeepers at a time when they were in great danger, resulting in the massacre and murder, not only of these five thousand people, but more than a million Rwandan Tutsis and moderate Hutus.