March on Washington (for Jobs and Freedom):
- Organized by Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin
- They built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations.
- Credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King Jr.
Black Panther Party:
- Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
- The black power organization was inspired by Malcolm X.
- Ten-Point Program
- Free Breakfast for Children Program
- Intercommunal Youth Institute
- The Black Panther newspaper
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP):
- The Crisis
- Rosa Parks had served as a chapter's secretary
- NAACP v. Alabama
- Legal Defense Fund (1939)
- Founded by W.E.B. DuBois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells
Civil Disobedience:
- non-violent protest; refusal to abide to certain laws
- Boycotts
- Draft-dodging
- Sit-ins
- Resistance to Civil Government
AIM (American Indian Movement):
- an organizaiton that was a part of the Red Power Movement
- The movement advocates for civil rights of Native Americans.
- Occupation of Alcatraz
- Occupation of D-Q University
- Trail of Broken Treaties
- Wounded Knee
- Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt were notably figures of the movement
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC):
- the goal was to form an organization to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South
- Albany movement
- Grenada Freedom movement
- Chicago Freedom movement
- Martin Luther King Jr. was the first President
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC):
- established to give younger Black people more of a voice in the movement
- Student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters
- Freedom Rides
- Freedom Ballot
Affirmative Action:
- seeking to increase the representation of particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Hopwood v. Texas
- Grutter v. Bollinger
- Gratz v. Bollinger
Little Rock 9:
- a group of nine African American students enrolled in an all-white school in Arkansas
- Little Rock Crisis
- Cooper v. Aaron
- Eisenhower sent the national guard to escort the students into the school
Freedom Riders:
- intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel
- Mob violence in Anniston, Montogomery, and Birmingham, Alabama
Freedom Summer Project (Mississippi Summer Project):
- attempted to register as many African American voters as possible
- Freedom Vote
- Freedom Schools
Civil Rights Act of 1964:
- banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, (and later) sexual orientation and gender identity
- Americans with Disablitites Act of 1990
- Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
Voting Rights Act of 1965:
- secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country
- Shelby County v. Holder
- South Carolina v. Katzenbach
- The law immediately decreased racial discrimination in voting
- Suspension of literacy tests
- More than half of the African American population were registered in 1967