The fifteenth century was assisted by the influence of D. Muslim inventions in navigation. Therefore ,D. Muslim inventions in navigation is correct.
Several Muslim inventions and innovations in navigation played a crucial role in European exploration during the fifteenth century. These included:
The astrolabe: This device, originally developed by the Greeks but perfected by Muslim astronomers, allowed sailors to determine their latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or stars above the horizon.
The compass: While the compass itself was not invented by Muslims, they were the first to use it for navigation on a large scale.
The compass helped sailors to maintain their course, especially in open water where landmarks were not visible.
Quadrant and kamal: These instruments were used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, which was essential for calculating latitude and longitude.
Improved shipbuilding techniques: Muslim shipbuilders developed sturdier and more maneuverable ships, such as the caravel, which were well-suited for long voyages and exploration.
These advancements in navigation technology made it possible for European explorers to venture further and more confidently than ever before.
They were able to sail longer distances, navigate open seas more effectively, and chart new courses.
As a result, the fifteenth century saw a wave of European exploration, leading to the discovery of new lands and the establishment of trade routes that would have a profound impact on the world.
The other answer choices are not as accurate:
A. Italian control of the spice trade: While Italian merchants did control much of the spice trade in the fifteenth century, this did not directly assist European exploration.
In fact, it was one of the factors that motivated European explorers to seek alternative trade routes to Asia.
B. Ancient Roman geographic texts: Ancient Roman texts did contain some information about geography, but they were not very accurate or detailed. They were not a major factor in European exploration in the fifteenth century.
C. Scandinavian investments in ships: The Scandinavians did play a role in European exploration, but their investments in ships were not a major factor in the fifteenth century.
They were more active in exploration in earlier centuries.