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3. In the field of science, a scientist with no knowledge and/or no ethics is not a scientist as this could lead to misconducts. Research mentions three (3) major research misconducts. With practical examples explain the three major research misconducts. (20 marks)

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Answer:

Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research. A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries provides the following sample definitions, reproduced in The COPE report 1999: