Answer:
d. convergent evolution
Step-by-step explanation:
Convergent evolution refers to the independent evolution of similar phenotypic/morphological traits in organisms that are not closely related (i.e., they are not monophyletic). Convergent evolution leads to the development of analogous structures, i.e., similar structures that have the same/similar purposes but were not present in the last common ancestor of these groups. A well-known example of convergent evolution is the wings of the butterfly and bat. Conversely, divergent evolution is a type of pattern of evolution that leads to the accumulation of phenotypic differences between closely related species/populations/individuals.