Question

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Doctors monitoring an infant boy, Samuel, notice the child's blood pressure and heart rate
increased, adrenaline rates increased, and his blood oxygenation decreased, following
circumcision. What is the most logical conclusion doctors can draw from this information?
Samuel is experiencing pain.
Samuel is more alert than usual.
Circumcision is not painful for infants.
Samuel is afraid of the doctors.

Answer 1

Samuel is experiencing pain.

Step-by-step explanation:

Adrenaline hormone is released in the bloodstream during stress and/or emergency situations. This hormone leads to the contraction of the blood vessels, thereby redirecting the blood to the muscles in the heart and lungs. Therefore, the release of this hormone is associated with the ability to feel pain. Moreover, the painful experiences trigger a decrease in the level of oxygen saturation due to hypovolemia (i.e., due to the decrease in the volume of blood in the body). In consequence, painful situations can be used to measure hypovolemia and viceversa.