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How can red giants be so bright when they are so cool

User DroidBomb
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Answer:

The star's luminosity rises above its previous level. Because it is so cool, the surface will be red, and it will be much farther away from the center than it was during the earlier stages of star evolution. Despite its lower surface temperature, the red giant has a large surface area, which makes it very luminous.

User Michael Berezin
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