The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Unfortunately, you did not mention the things you learned about artifacts, so we do not know what your knowledge is or the context so we can answer regarding your knowledge.
You also forgot to mention what kind of artifacts you are talking about and from what civilization. We need that information.
What we can do in order to help you is to answer based on our knowledge of this topic.
In general terms, the era artifacts helped archeologists, anthropologists, and historians, to better understand the way ancient civilizations lived and developed.
Artifacts teach us how people lived and socialized in the past. These artifacts sometimes are the only thing scientists have to interpret the past, that is why these pieces are so valuable.
Not all ancient civilizations left records for future generations. That was the case of the Harqppa civilization (Indus Valey civilization). They did not record anything that is why archeologists do not much about them.