Final answer:
The central idea highlighted in the excerpts revolves around the ruthlessness of power and its effects on society's moral foundation, underscoring the complex relationship between power, morality, and conflict resolution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The central idea of the provided excerpts touches upon the complexities of human principles, particularly in relation to power and moral foundations. The overarching theme seems to emphasize the ruthlessness of power and the moral relativism that occurs when power is used to resolve conflicts. This is evident in the discussions of political compromise, the questioning of peace at the price of justice, and the reflection on how societies determine their moral compass.
In one excerpt, the reflection on an 'ignoble peace' hints at the weight of responsibility and the sacrifices made in the name of a country, suggesting a critical view on how power dynamics affect national integrity. Another excerpt from Phyllis Wheatley poses a direct question about the reconciliation of the love of freedom with the oppressive power, underlying the stark ruthlessness of power in societal structures.
Finally, the conclusion of a chapter denounces the collapse of morality into 'self-serving exercises' as a plight of relativism and an appeal to power, further anchoring the central idea in the dangerous predominance of power over other virtues and principles in societal conflicts.