Final answer:
Spain during the Middle Ages was split into various Islamic and Christian kingdoms, with significant conflict between them that culminated in the Christian Reconquista pushing out Islamic rule by 1492.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the Middle Ages, Spain was indeed split into many Islamic and Christian kingdoms. This historical period is characterized by the Reconquista, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims, who had established the Almohad Caliphate in parts of the Iberian Peninsula. The Christian kingdoms, including Portugal, Leon, Navarre, Castile, and Aragon, occupied about three-fifths of the land, with the remainder under Islamic control. This division and conflict within Spain lasted for centuries, characterized by battles such as Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 and the ultimate fall of the last Muslim kingdom, Granada, in 1492. The Reconquista effort was part of a larger religious struggle known as the Crusades and significantly shaped European and Spanish history.