Answer:
Autecology concerns the study of interactions between an individual, a population, or a species and its total environment. Environment refers to all the physical and biotic factors directly influencing a given organism or organismic unit as well as anything affected by it. Autecology has sometimes been defined as ‘species ecology’ and it has also been equated with physiological ecology. Many examples of how autecologies differ among various taxa are given. Indirect interactions, such as indirect mutualisms and tropic cascades, can greatly complicate autecologies; several examples are given.
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