Question

Define the following terms: catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, glucose, glycolysis, glycogen, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, lipogenesis

Answer 1

Metabolism involves catabolic processes that break down molecules to release energy and anabolic processes that build complex molecules using energy. Carbohydrate metabolism includes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, while lipid metabolism encompasses lipolysis and lipogenesis. The regulation of glucose levels, thermoregulation, and the role of vitamins and minerals are also integral to metabolism.

Step-by-step explanation:

Catabolism is the metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units and is usually associated with the release of energy. Anabolism, on the other hand, is the process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, which requires an input of energy. These two processes are intertwined in the overall metabolism of an organism, which encompasses all the chemical reactions in a cell or body.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycolysis is the catabolic pathway by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate, yielding energy. Glycogenesis is the anabolic formation of glycogen from glucose, and glycogenolysis is the catabolic breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Gluconeogenesis is an anabolic process that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Lipid Metabolism

Lipolysis is the catabolic process breaking down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol, while lipogenesis is the anabolic synthesis of lipids from these smaller precursors.

Regulation of Glucose Levels

The body regulates glucose levels during absorptive (post-meal) and postabsorptive (fasting) states, ensuring a steady supply of energy. During the absorptive state, the body focuses on glycogen and fat storage, while in the postabsorptive state, it shifts to glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose levels.

Thermoregulation and Metabolism

The metabolic processes generate heat as a by-product, which contributes to maintaining body temperature. This thermoregulation is vital for homeostasis.

Role of Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins and minerals are important cofactors in metabolic pathways, supporting various functions including those involved in energy production and synthesis of biomolecules.

Answer 2

Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

Metabolism: Metabolism is the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. During this process, calories in food and drinks mix with oxygen to make the energy the body needs. Even at rest, a body needs energy for all it does.

Glucose: a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.

Glycolysis: Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.

Glycogen: Glycogen is the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules.

Glycogenesis: The formation of glycogen from sugar.

Glycogenolysis: Glycogenolysis is the biochemical pathway in which glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose. The reaction takes place in the hepatocytes and the myocytes. The process is under the regulation of two key enzymes: phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase.

Gluconeogenesis: Gluconeogenesis is a process that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose.

Lipolysis: the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.

Lipogenesis: lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to.