In mathematics, a Euclidean space is a geometric space in which the distance between two points is measured using the Euclidean distance formula. In 4-dimensional Euclidean space, there are 4 mutually perpendicular directions, which are commonly referred to as the x, y, z, and w directions. These directions are perpendicular to each other, meaning that they form right angles with one another.
The concept of 4-dimensional Euclidean space can be difficult to visualize, as it is a concept that exists beyond our everyday three-dimensional world. However, we can think of it as an extension of three-dimensional space, in which there is an additional direction (the w direction) that is perpendicular to the x, y, and z directions. This additional direction allows for the representation of additional information or variables in the space.
For example, in four-dimensional Euclidean space, we could represent the position of a point using four coordinates (x, y, z, w) rather than just three (x, y, z). This additional coordinate could represent a variety of different quantities, such as time, energy, or some other physical property.