Solar cells are typically made of silicon, although other materials such as cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide may also be used. Silicon is used because it is an abundant, non-toxic element that can be easily purified and processed into thin, crystalline sheets. These sheets are then treated with various chemicals and processes to create the photovoltaic effect, which is the ability of a material to convert sunlight into electricity.
In addition to the primary material, solar cells also contain other materials such as conductive metals (such as silver or copper) and special dyes that help to absorb sunlight and improve the efficiency of the cell. They may also be coated with a protective layer of glass or plastic to help them withstand the elements and extend their lifespan.
Overall, the composition of solar cells varies depending on the specific type and design of the cell, but they typically consist of a semiconductor material (such as silicon) and various other materials that are used to improve their performance and durability.