Answer:
Option C: punctuated equilibrium
Step-by-step explanation:
Punctuation are defined as new policy due to a break in monopoly of the subsystem.
Equilibrium is simply a Steady state of affairs. If there is a disruption it will return.
Punctuated equilibrium simply means a long periods of no much or little change and short periods of fast changes.
Mass extinction is said to lead to arapid change and new specie. Such as volcanic eruption, meteor impact causing sudden climatic environmental changes and others. It is a non-rational and a non-linear approach.
Examples is that public policy does not change much over time, except for some shocks. It is generally very stable, on other instances there are dramatic changes.