Final answer:
A concave mirror at a distance greater than its focal length forms a real and inverted image, while a convex mirror with an object within one focal length forms an upright and magnified image. Between a convex lens's focal point and the lens, a virtual and erect image is formed.
Step-by-step explanation:
When an object is placed in front of a concave mirror at a distance greater than the focal length, the image formed by the mirror will be real and inverted (option b). This is because the refraction of light rays causes them to converge at a point where the image is formed upside down relative to the object.
For a mirror that shows an upright image twice as large as the object when the object is 10 cm away, the focal length of the mirror is -10 cm (option a), corresponding to a convex mirror which forms virtual, upright, and magnified images when objects are within one focal length.
If an object is placed between the focal point and a convex lens, the resulting image will be virtual and erect, as the diverging rays appear to originate from a spot behind the lens (option d).