Answer:
c) vertical shift of 1 unit down
Explanations:
Given the parent function of a linear equation expressed as:
![f(x)=x](https://img.qammunity.org/2023/formulas/mathematics/high-school/gebl79pm4c95ylzf6ot1lfbwst7sncfgmp.png)
If the function is shifted vertically downwards by k units, the resulting function will be;
![f(x)=x-k](https://img.qammunity.org/2023/formulas/mathematics/high-school/u6bgsfaf3dv1khrcyer4op222v8p5wo2l2.png)
Comparing this vertical shift rultewith the resulting function f(x) = x - 1, you can see that the function f(x) = x is shifted vertically down by 1 unit to produce f(x) = x -1.