Final answer:
Homophobia can be caused by internal conflicts, stereotypes, misinformation, cultural and religious beliefs, and institutional heterosexism. Adverse effects include discrimination in various sectors and serious mental health issues among LGBTQ+ individuals. Advocacy groups strive to counteract homophobia through education and promoting equal rights.
Step-by-step explanation:
Main Causes of Homophobia
Homophobia, defined as an irrational fear of or aversion to LGBTQ people, is influenced by several factors. A study by Adams, Wright, & Lohr (1996) indicated that homoph obic individuals might be reacting to their own repressed feelings towards the same sex. Moreover, homophobia may stem from stereotypes and misinformation, a lack of education or understanding about LGBTQ+ individuals, and cultural or religious beliefs.
Social structures such as heterosexism—an ideology that privileges heterosexuality—and institutional biases can systematically disadvantage non-heterosexual people. This institutionalized prejudice is analogous to racism and sexism and is deeply embedded in our social institutions. Negative stereotypes and discriminatory practices often lead to severe consequences, including poor mental health outcomes and increased rates of sui cide among LGBTQ+ individuals, particularly youths.
Fear and misunderstanding might also be perpetuated by a heteronormative society, which assumes heterosexuality as the default and may treat LGBTQ+ people as 'others.' Internalized homophobia is another facet where individuals may harbor feelings of self-hate due to societal pressures. Organizations like GLAAD work to combat these prejudices by advocating for equal rights and encouraging education and understanding to prevent discrimination.