Answer:
d. ecological succession
Step-by-step explanation:
Ecology Succession may be initiated either by formation of new, unoccupied habitat, such as from a lava flow or a severe landslide, or by some form of disturbance of a community, such as from a fire, severe windthrow, or logging.
Reference:
Wikipedia contributors. "Ecological succession." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 Mar. 2021. Web. 23 Mar. 2021.