EXPLANATION
Compute the prime factors of 12:
12 divides by 2: 6
6 divides by 2: 3
3 divides by 3: 1
So, prime factorization of 12 ---> 2*2*3
Compute the prime factors of 16:
16 divides by 2: 8
8 divides by 2: 4
4 divides by 2: 2
2 divides by 2: 1
So, prime factorization of 16 --> 2*2*2*2
Finally, the prime factors common to 12,16 are:
2*2 = 4