In the expression for g(x), we have f(x) being added with a value m. That means we are translating the graph of f(x) m units in the vertical (if m is positive, the graph goes up. If m is negative, the graph goes down).
In the expression for h(x), the value of x is being added with n. That means the graph of f(x) is translated n units in the horizontal (if n is positive, the graph goes to the left. If n is negative, the graph goes to the right).
In the expression for i(x), the function f(x) is multiplied by q. That means we are applying a vertical stretch to the graph of f(x) (If the magnitude of q is greater than 1, we have a stretch, if the magnitude of q is between 0 and 1, we have a compression, if q is negative, the graph is reflected over the x-axis).
In the expression for k(x), the value of x is multiplied by p. That means we are applying a horizontal stretch to the graph of f(x) (If the magnitude of p is greater than 1, we have a compression, if the magnitude of p is between 0 and 1, we have a stretch, if p is negative, the graph is reflected over the y-axis).