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As you already know, verb tenses are classified as present (actions that are happening now), future (actions are going to happen) and past tense. The past tense can be classified in three ways:
Imperfect default: describes an action that was initiated in the bird, but that was not completed. Ex: He was watching television, but a power outage prevented him from continuing.
Simple perfect default: Indicates something that was started in the past and completed. Ex: I finished cleaning my room yesterday.
Perfect compound preterite: Expresses a situation that started in the past, but that is still running up to the present. Ex: I have been looking for my earrings since yesterday.
Past-perfect-perfect: Expresses a situation that ended before another situation. Ex: I had already washed the car when my mother arrived.