Question

Please choose and answer 3 of the following 4 questions:

1. Rutherford and JJ Thompson both contributed to what we know about the structure of the atom. What experiments did they perform and how did it change what we know about the structure of the
atom? Furthermore, describe the structure of an atom using only words (no diagrams).
2. Electrons exist outside the nucleus on many different energy levels. When electrons lose energy, they emit waves that are found on the electromagnetic spectrum. What equation would you use to
find the wavelength or frequency of a wave, assuming you know the other value? What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength? What is the relationship between frequency and
energy?
3. Even though electrons move around constantly, scientists use electron configurations to give an "address" to a particular electron. What are the 4 shells that scientists use? How many electrons can
fit into each shell? How can you use the knowledge about these shells and the periodic table to determine the electron configuration of an element?
4. Suppose you know there is an element with an atomic number of 26 and a mass of 60. What do you know about this element? How many subatomic particles does it have? How can you tell?

Answer 1

J.J. Thomson's and Ernest Rutherford's experiments significantly contributed to our understanding of atomic structure. The relationship between frequency, wavelength, and energy in the electromagnetic spectrum is crucial in understanding electron behavior. An element with an atomic number of 26 is iron, with 26 protons and electrons, and 34 neutrons.

Step-by-step explanation:

1. Contributions to Atomic Structure

J.J. Thomson conducted experiments with cathode rays that led to the discovery of the electron, a tiny particulate with a negative charge, indicating that atoms were not indivisible as previously thought. He proposed the 'plum pudding' model where electrons were embedded in a positively charged sphere. Later, Ernest Rutherford conducted the famous gold foil experiment where alpha particles were directed at a thin film of gold foil. Most particles passed straight through, but some deflected at large angles. This surprising result indicated that the atom has a small, dense nucleus, thus refuting the 'plum pudding' model and leading to the nuclear model of the atom.

2. Electromagnetic Spectrum Equation

When electrons drop to a lower energy level, they emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The equation that relates the frequency (f) and wavelength (λ) of a wave is c = fλ, where c is the speed of light. There's an inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength; as frequency increases, wavelength decreases. The relationship between frequency and energy is given by E = hf, where h is Planck's constant, showing that higher frequencies correspond to higher energies.

4. Element with Atomic Number 26

An element with atomic number 26 is iron (Fe). The atomic number represents the number of protons and since a neutral atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, there are 26 electrons. The mass number of 60 suggests that there are 60 - 26 = 34 neutrons. Knowing the numbers of these subatomic particles helps understand the element's identity and its place on the periodic table.

Answer 2

1. Rutherford performs the gold foil experiment while JJ Thompson performs cathode ray experiment. It was Rutherford's experiment that used positively charged alpha particles (He with a +2 charge) that were deflected by the dense inner mass of the nucleus (nucleus). The conclusion that could be drawn from this finding was that atoms were composed of an inner core that comprised the majority of the atom's mass and was positively charged in nature. The work of JJ Thompson using cathode ray tubes demonstrated that all atoms contain small negatively charged subatomic particles, also known as electrons. According to Thomson's conception of the atom, which had negatively-charged electrons buried inside a positively-charged "soup," the atom was made of plum pudding. Protons, electrons, and neutrons are the three fundamental particles that make up an atom. The protons (which are positively charged) and neutrons (which are neutrally charged) are found in the nucleus (center) of an atom (no charge). The electrons are contained inside the electron shells, which are the outermost parts of the atom (negatively charged).

2. Given that the frequency is 1/T, the equation linking wave speed, frequency, and wavelength is v=f t. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional. The wavelength of the wave with the highest frequency is also the shortest. When the frequency is doubled, the wavelength is cut in half. As a result, the wavelength to frequency ratio is the inverse of the frequency to wavelength ratio. When it comes to carrying energy, the frequency and amplitude of the waves are important factors to consider. The higher the frequency, the greater the amount of energy, and the larger the amplitude, the greater the amount of energy.

3. There are four shells that scientists used. First shell contains 2 electrons. Second shell consists of 8 electrons. Third shell has 18 electrons. Lastly, fourth shell has 32 electrons. 2 electrons can fit into each shell. If you want to compute an electron configuration, first split the periodic table into portions that represent the atomic orbitals, which are the locations where electrons are found. The s-block is represented by groups one and two, the d-block by groups three through twelve, the p-block by groups thirteen through eighteen, and the f-block by the two rows at the bottom.

Step-by-step explanation:

That's the three questions I chose to answer. Hope it helps;)