Question

Describe evidence from biogeography that species evolve adaptations to their environment

Answer 1

Biogeography provides evidence for evolution through concepts like adaptive radiation, where one species evolves into many to exploit different niches, and through the distribution of endemic species in isolated regions such as Australia. It also shows evidence through the convergent evolution of similar traits in species inhabiting similar environments.

Step-by-step explanation:

Evidence from Biogeography Supporting Evolution

Biogeography, the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time, provides compelling evidence for evolution. One notable example of this is the phenomenon of adaptive radiation, as observed on island chains like the Galápagos. In such locations, a single species often evolves into many new species to exploit different ecological niches. The finches studied by Darwin are a classic instance, evolving from a common ancestor into a variety of species each with unique adaptations for different food sources.

Aside from islands, geographically isolated regions also offer insights into evolutionary processes. For example, Australia's distinct plant and animal life has largely evolved due to its long-term separation from other landmasses, leading to a high rate of endemism. This pattern of species distribution echoes the principles of biogeography and evolution.

Furthermore, the convergence of form in unrelated species that inhabit similar environments suggests evolution through similar selective pressures. For instance, the arctic fox and ptarmigan both develop white phenotypes during winter, not due to a common ancestry but because such coloring offers better camouflage in snowy habitats, enhancing survival chances.

Answer 2

Biogeography, the study of the geographical distribution of organisms, provides information about how and when species may have evolved. Fossils provide evidence of long-term evolutionary changes, documenting the past existence of species that are now extinct.

To give one classic example, the forelimbs of whales, humans, and birds look quite different on the outside. That's because they're adapted to function in different environments. However, if you look at the bone structure of the forelimbs, you'll find that the organization of the bones is remarkably similar across species. It's unlikely that such similar structures would have evolved independently in each species, and more likely that the basic layout of bones was already present in a common ancestor of whales, humans, and birds.