Part a.
Let x be the unknown number. Then, the statement "the product of a number and 2" can be written as

since this product must be equal to 16, we have

Then, the answer is the second option: 2x=16.
Part b.
In this case, we need to isolate the x variable. Then, by dividing both side of our last result, we get

which gives

Therefore, the answer for b) is: 8