Dr. Sanders is interested in how people understand feedback about their performance and incorporate it into their view of themselves. She has large groups of participants take a bogus personality test and then, in front of the group, tells each person that he or she either did very well, average, or very poorly. She also tells them that their scores on the test accurately predict future life success. Dr. Sanders then has the participants write a short paragraph describing their personal strengths and weaknesses. At the end of the study, the group turns in their paragraphs and is excused. At no time does Dr. Sanders inform them that the test and feedback were actually false. In fact, she never tells them about the nature of the study. Dr. Sanders's study violates which ethical standard?
a. Protection from harm.
b. Informed consent.
c. Confidentiality/privacy.
d. Debriefing