Final answer:
Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with compounds that have polar covalent bonds and with chloride ions, as both are either polar or charged, enabling this type of bond formation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with compounds that have polar covalent bonds and with ions such as chloride ions. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms within water molecules create polar covalent bonds, leading to a slight positive charge on each hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom. This polarity allows water molecules to attract other polar molecules and ions, making water an excellent solvent for substances that are hydrophilic or 'water-loving'. Water molecules do not readily form hydrogen bonds with nonpolar substances like oils and fats, which are hydrophobic (or 'water-fearing') and will not dissolve in water. Oxygen gas (O2) molecules are nonpolar and do not form hydrogen bonds with water. Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is a. Compounds that have polar covalent bonds and d. Chloride ions.
Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with compounds that have polar covalent bonds. When a substance readily forms hydrogen bonds with water, it can dissolve in water and is referred to as hydrophilic, or "water-loving". On the other hand, nonpolar substances like oils and fats do not readily form hydrogen bonds with water and are hydrophobic, or "water-fearing".