Answer:
This is not comprehensive but is a basic and fairly standard answer
Step-by-step explanation:
A
Nature vs nurture, I believe that nature is a great part of a person's behavior but nurture is also a key factor. Take orphans, for example, it is not a good thing nor do I applaud it but think about it all people are born almost under the same circumstances. There are no different species among people but what they do and what they can accomplish are going to be completely different based on the nurturing that they are given. Orphans who are given a bleak sad childhood will grow on to be on average worse off than children with parents who care for them growing up.
B
Universal vs individual differences Every human will want some sort of self-preservation and will have some innate desire to survive and prolong their life. This is universal, however many other desires will be individual. Think about a childhood crush they may not really like or thought of as weird but you like them. That is an individual difference that does not play with many others but happens to you. The desire of pain is also one that happens to the individual and is not universal to the human race.
C
An observation vs internalization is something that is visible and can be based on outward action or stimuli. Think of the quiet kid. You see him or her as an odd kid, with few friends who makes few movements, and doesn't do much throughout the day, however, these are just the actions that they make, while YOU may think that they are strange but internally they may think like a baby what show to watch, a cool actor what boys or girls they are interested in. Their internal processes are completely different from what an observer would show.
D
Conscious vs unconscious are two sides of the same coin a conscious decision could be influenced by an unconscious decision, however, consciousness is an aware action that is done by yourself by thinking and by forcing your body to do something. However, something unconscious is done naturally without any other thought.
Basically done by thinking vs done without thinking
E
Free will vs. determinism
Well, free will is not really a thing and most things that are done based on free will can be influenced in some way as there is basically no true spontaneity. This is the basis of determinism how things can be determined. However, it can be argued that our very existence is spontaneous and there are many things that cannot be determined and has to be done off of free will. There are people of all walks of life that do things similar to each other with almost no correlation.