Final answer:
Carbon is in Group 14 and forms four chemical bonds, nitrogen is in Group 15 forming three covalent bonds, and both oxygen and sulfur are in Group 16 typically forming two covalent bonds.
Step-by-step explanation:
The group numbers for carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur on the periodic table are essential for understanding how these elements bond and interact with other elements. Carbon is a Group 14 element and typically forms four chemical bonds. Nitrogen is found in Group 15 and commonly forms three covalent bonds due to its five valence electrons. Oxygen is part of Group 16 and usually forms two covalent bonds, while sulfur, also in Group 16, shares this tendency. These bonding capabilities are crucial for the formation of complex molecules like those found in living organisms.