Chronological order stems from the word Chrono, which means time. So when you write a story in chronological order, means that you are writing the events as they happened.
Example 1) When Boris landed to his knees, he dandled a bit and continued forward.
I wrote the events that happened; from Boris landing, then to him stumbling, and finally to him walking again.
Cause and Effect is what happens when Event A ends up causing and effect. Like the cause of me biting an apple causes it to have a bite mark.
Problem and Solution is a structure in which Character A is faced with a problem, and has to find a solution. That simple, lol.
Compare and contrast is the act of comparing two objects. Like an apple and an orange.
You contrast these two pieces of food by pretty much listing out pros and cons, or what they are. An apple does blah blah blah, an Orange does Blah, blah, blah.
Hope this helps!!