Final answer:
The correct answer is C. The United States acquired several territories from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
Step-by-step explanation:
As a consequence of the Mexican-American War and subsequent events, C. The United States acquired several territories from Mexico is the correct answer. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in 1848 at the end of the war, confirmed the U.S. title to Texas and ceded the Alta California and New Mexico territories to the United States, resulting in a transfer of roughly 525,000 square miles of land to U.S. control. This territory became part or all of the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect, as the president of Mexico did not refuse to withdraw troops from Texas, no parts of southern Texas were returned to Mexico, and Mexico did not sell Florida to the United States.