The correct answer is D. Absolute monarchy.
Step-by-step explanation
Pre-revolutionary Europe is a historical period that encompasses all events that occurred before the social revolutions of the 18th century such as the French Revolution and the Enlightenment. During this period, Europe was dominated by different kingdoms whose form of government was the absolute monarchy. This was one of the reasons for the intellectual awakening of this time because the ideals of the intellectuals gave rise to democracy and were radically opposed to the absolute monarchy because this system gave all power to a single individual ( the king). According to the above, the correct answer is D. Absolute monarchy.