Final answer:
Chubby birds and penguins in Antarctica keep themselves warm through heat conservation using insulation from their fur, feathers, and body fat. They trap heat and reduce heat loss, and can increase heat production through shivering and muscle activity. Stored body fat also provides energy to maintain body heat when food is scarce.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chubby birds and penguins keep themselves warm in Antarctica's icy shores through a process known as heat conservation. This is achieved through multiple ways. Primarily, these animals have a form of insulation, including fur, feathers, and a thick layer of fat under the skin. This serves to create an insulating layer between their skin and internal organs, trapping heat and reducing heat loss. An example of this is the arctic fox, which uses its fluffy tail for extra insulation.
Secondarily, these animals can increase body heat production when needed through shivering, an involuntary increase in muscle activity. This, coupled with the contraction of arrector pili muscles causing individual hairs or feathers to stand up, enhances the insulating effect. Lastly, when food is scarce, stored body fat provides energy for maintaining homeostasis. This energy can further be used to generate body heat. Loss of significant amounts of body fat would therefore compromise the animal's ability to conserve heat.
Learn more about Heat conservation