Question

Read the following excerpt from the "Declaration of Pedro Naranjo" (1681). Pedro Naranjo, a Pueblo Indian who was taken prisoner after a revolt against Spanish conquering forces, relates the events of the revolt. As you read, highlight reasons for Pueblo rebellion as follows:Social (yellow)Economical (green)Political (blue)Once finished, reread the highlighted text and respond to the following prompt with a historically defensible claim: Explain the most significant causes of the Pueblo Revolution. (Hint: Treat this as an SAQ)You will submit your claim and the highlighted excerpt.from the "Declaration of Pedro Naranjo"Asked whether he knows the reason or motives which the Indians of this kingdom had for rebelling, forsaking the law of God and obedience to his Majesty, and committing such grave and atrocious crimes, and who were the leaders and principal movers, and by whom and how it was ordered; and why they burned the images, temples, crosses, rosaries, and things of divine worship, committing such atrocities as killing priests, Spaniards, women, and children, and the rest that he might know touching the question, he said that since the government of Señor General Hernando Ugarte y la Concha they have planned to rebel on various occasions through conspiracies of the Indian sorcerers, and that although in some pueblos the messages were accepted, in other parts they would not agree to it; and that it is true that during the government of the said senor general seven or eight Indians were hanged for this same cause, whereupon the unrest subsided. Some time thereafter they [the conspirators] sent from the pueblo of Los Taos through the pueblos of the custodia two deerskins with some pictures on them signifying conspiracy after their manner, in order to convoke the people to a new rebellion, and the said deerskins passed to the province of Moqui, where they refused to accept them. The pact which they had been forming ceased for the time being, but they always kept in their hearts the desire to carry it out, so as to live as they are living today. Finally, in the past years, at the summons of an Indian named Popé who is said to have communication with the devil, it happened that in an estufa of the pueblo of Los Taos there appeared to the said Popé three figures of Indians who never came out of the estufa. They gave the said Popé to understand that they were going underground to the lake of Copala. He saw these figures emit fire from all the extremities of their bodies, and that one of them was called Caudi, another Tilini, and the other Tleume; and these three beings spoke to the said Popé, who was in hiding from the secretary, Francisco Xavier, who wished to punish him as a sorcerer. They told him to make a cord of maguey fiber and tie some knots in it which would signify the number of days that they must wait before the rebellion. He said that the cord was passed through all the pueblos of the kingdom so that the ones which agreed to it [the rebellion] might untie one knot in sign of obedience, and by the other knots they would know the days which were lacking; and this was to be done on pain of death to those who refused to agree to it. As a sign of agreement and notice of having concurred in the treason and perfidy they were to send up smoke signals to that effect in each one of the pueblos singly. The said cord was taken from pueblo to pueblo by the swiftest youths under the penalty of death if they revealed the secret. Everything being thus arranged, two days before the time set for its execution, because his lordship had learned of it and had imprisoned two Indian accomplices from the pueblo of Tesuque, it was carried out prematurely that night, because it seemed to them that they were now discovered; and they killed religious, Spaniards, women, and children. This being done, it was proclaimed in all the pueblos that everyone in common should obey the commands of their father whom they did not know, which would be given through El Caydi or El Popé. This was heard by Alonso Catití, who came to the pueblo of this declarant to say that everyone must unite to go to the villa to kill the governor and the Spaniards who had remained with him, and that he who did not obey would, on their return, be beheaded; and in fear of this they agreed to it. Finally the senor governor and those who were with him escaped from the siege, and later this declarant saw that as soon as the Spaniards had left the kingdom an order came from the said Indian, Popé, in which he commanded all the Indians to break the lands and enlarge their cultivated fields, saying that now they were as they had been in ancient times, free from the labor they had performed for the religious and the Spaniards, who could not now be alive. He said that this is the legitimate cause and the reason they had for rebelling, because they had always desired to live as they had when they came out of the lake of Copala. Thus he replies to the question.

Answer 1

The Pueblo Revolution was driven by forced religious conversion, economic hardship linked to Spanish rule, and political abuse of power, leading to unified resistance under Leader Popé for the restoration of native governance and culture.

Step-by-step explanation:

The most significant causes of the Pueblo Revolution can be traced back to a blend of social, economic, and political factors which led to the uprising against the Spanish colonial forces. Socially, there was a forced conversion to Catholicism that clashed with the Pueblo's spiritual beliefs and cultural practices. The Spanish priests' focus on converting the young drew them away from their families, creating more resentment. Economically, the extended period of drought and increased Apache and Navajo attacks, which were perceived to be linked to the Spanish presence, exacerbated the Pueblos' hardships. Politically, the abuses of power by the Spanish, including forced labor and undermining of traditional governance, ignited a desire for autonomy and the restoration of native ways.

Leader Popé played a vital role in unifying tribes against Spanish religious, economic, and cultural oppressions. The successful 1680 revolt resulted in a 12-year period of independence for the Pueblo people. Although the Spanish returned and reasserted control, they allowed the Pueblos to retain much of their way of life and incorporated some reforms like appointing officials to represent the Pueblo's rights. The legacy of the revolt is evident in the unique cultures preserved to this day.

Answer 2

The most significant causes of the Pueblo Revolution were rooted in social and political factors, driven by a desire for cultural and religious autonomy and a rejection of Spanish colonial rule. Economic factors may have contributed indirectly to the discontent that led to the rebellion.

Let's identify the highlighted portions in the excerpt and categorize the reasons for the Pueblo rebellion based on Social, Economic, and Political factors:

Social (Yellow):

- The desire to rebel against Spanish rule, forsaking obedience to the King and the Catholic faith.

- The involvement of Indian sorcerers and conspiracies within the Pueblo communities.

- The role of an Indian named Popé who communicated with the devil and incited rebellion.

- The proclamation to unite and obey their leader (Popé) through fear of consequences.

Economic (Green):

- There is limited direct economic information in the provided excerpt, but the rebellion can be seen as a response to the labor and economic demands imposed on the Pueblo people by the Spanish, as mentioned indirectly in the excerpt.

Political (Blue):

- The rebellion was a political act against the Spanish colonial government, particularly General Hernando Ugarte y la Concha's administration.

- The decision to break free from the control of the religious (the Catholic Church) and the Spanish authorities can be seen as a political motive.

Now, let's analyze the most significant causes of the Pueblo Revolution based on the highlighted text:

The most significant causes of the Pueblo Revolution were social and political factors.

Social factors are evident through the desire for independence from Spanish religious and cultural influence, the involvement of Indian sorcerers, and the leadership of figures like Popé who incited rebellion.

Political factors are significant because the rebellion was a direct challenge to Spanish colonial rule and the authority of General Hernando Ugarte y la Concha's government. The rebels sought to establish their own form of self-governance and free themselves from Spanish control.

Economic factors, while not explicitly mentioned in the excerpt, likely played a role in the broader context, as the Pueblo people sought to escape the labor demands imposed by the Spanish authorities.