Answer:
The social roles in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley civilization were diverse and varied. Here is an overview of the social structures in these ancient civilizations:
Mesopotamia:
Mesopotamian society was highly stratified and hierarchical. At the top of the social structure were the kings and the ruling elite, which included high-ranking officials, priests, and military leaders. They held the most power and wealth in society. Below them were the free citizens, who were merchants, artisans, and farmers. Slavery was also a prominent feature of Mesopotamian society, with slaves being considered property and having limited rights.
Egypt:
Ancient Egyptian society was also hierarchical, with a pharaoh at the top, who was considered a divine ruler. Below the pharaoh were the nobles, priests, and high-ranking officials. They held significant power and privilege. The middle class consisted of scribes, artisans, and merchants. Farmers and laborers made up the majority of the population. Slavery existed in ancient Egypt, but it was not as prevalent as in Mesopotamia.
Indus Valley Civilization:
The social structure of the Indus Valley civilization is less well-understood compared to Mesopotamia and Egypt due to the limited amount of deciphered inscriptions and texts from this civilization. However, it is believed that the society was organized in a more egalitarian manner, with less pronounced social hierarchies. The cities of the Indus Valley civilization were planned and had well-developed infrastructure, suggesting a level of centralized authority.