Final answer:
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves extrinsic motivation. This is driven by external rewards or punishments, aligning with B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory and Thorndike's law of effect.
Step-by-step explanation:
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves D. extrinsic motivation. This concept belongs to the realm of psychology, particularly in the study of motivation and behavior. Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. This type of motivation comes from outside the individual, as opposed to intrinsic motivation, which is motivation driven by internal rewards, or doing something because it's personally rewarding.
B.F. Skinner's work on operant conditioning is particularly relevant here. Skinner believed that behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: the reinforcements and punishments. So, essentially, if an individual performs a behavior and experiences a positive consequence (a reward), they are more likely to repeat the behavior. On the contrary, if a behavior is followed by an undesirable consequence (a punishment), the individual is less likely to repeat that behavior. This concept is known as the law of effect, first proposed by psychologist Edward Thorndike.
So, in the context of a school environment, promising students rewards for completing their homework on time or threatening them with detention for intolerance are both situations that involve extrinsic motivation, and they illustrate the application of operant conditioning and the law of effect.
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