Answer: The failure of Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government in Russia can be attributed to a combination of factors, including political, social, and economic challenges. However, one of the key factors that best explains its failure is its inability to address the pressing issues and demands of the Russian people during a time of extreme turmoil and transition. Here are some key reasons:
Continuation of World War I: The Provisional Government's decision to continue Russia's involvement in World War I was deeply unpopular among the Russian population, especially the soldiers at the front lines. The war had already caused significant casualties, and many Russians were weary of the conflict. This decision eroded support for the government.
Land Reform Delay: One of the major demands of the Russian people, particularly peasants, was land reform. They expected the Provisional Government to redistribute land from large estates to the peasants. However, the government's delay and indecision on this critical issue led to frustration and disappointment.
Political Instability: The Provisional Government faced challenges from various political factions, including socialist and Bolshevik groups. Its inability to establish firm authority and control contributed to political instability and undermined its legitimacy.
Economic Crisis: Russia was in the midst of a severe economic crisis. Inflation was rampant, and food shortages were widespread. The government struggled to address these economic challenges effectively, leading to further discontent among the population.
Dual Power Structure: The existence of dual power, with the Provisional Government sharing authority with the Petrograd Soviet, created confusion and conflicts. The Petrograd Soviet, dominated by socialist and radical elements, often challenged and undermined the government's decisions.
Failure to Address Peasant and Worker Demands: The Provisional Government failed to meet the demands of both peasants and industrial workers. Peasants wanted land redistribution, while workers demanded better working conditions and more control over factories. The government's inability to address these issues led to strikes and unrest.
Kornilov Affair: The Kornilov Affair, in which General Lavr Kornilov attempted to march on Petrograd with his troops in an apparent coup attempt, highlighted the weakness and disarray within the Provisional Government. Although the coup was thwarted, it exposed the government's inability to maintain control over the military.
Bolshevik Opposition: The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, capitalized on the government's weaknesses and promised radical solutions to the problems facing the Russian people. Bolshevik propaganda gained traction, and their calls for "peace, land, and bread" resonated with many.
Ultimately, a culmination of these factors, along with the Bolsheviks' successful seizure of power in the October Revolution of 1917 (Julian calendar), led to the downfall of the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks' rise to power marked the end of the provisional government and the beginning of the Soviet era in Russia.