Answer:
The correct answer is d. All of the above. I think.
Step-by-step explanation:
Before officially joining the war effort, European countries were helping the Americans fight the British in various ways. Some of these ways included:
Providing financial support: European countries, such as France, provided loans and other forms of financial assistance to the Americans1.
Sending troops and military leaders: European countries, including France and Spain, sent troops and military leaders to support the American cause2.
Engaging in naval battles: European countries, such as France and Spain, engaged in naval battles against the British2.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. All of the above.