Answer:
Here are my answers to your questions:
The regulatory portion of the gene is a sequence of DNA that controls the expression of the gene. It may contain binding sites for transcription factors, which are proteins that activate or repress transcription. The regulatory portion of the gene may also include elements such as enhancers, silencers, and insulators, which can influence the rate and specificity of transcription12.
The two different strands of the DNA molecule are called the template strand and the coding strand. The template strand is the one that is used by RNA polymerase to make a complementary RNA transcript during transcription. The coding strand is the one that is not used by RNA polymerase, but has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (except for T instead of U). Both strands are important for transcription, but only one is directly copied34.
The two required components to initiate transcription on the gene are RNA polymerase and a promoter. RNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. A promoter is a sequence of DNA near the start of a gene that signals RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter with the help of general transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize specific features of the promoter15.
Transcription has been successful if a complete and accurate RNA transcript has been produced from the DNA template. The RNA transcript can be detected by various methods, such as hybridization with a complementary DNA probe, electrophoresis on a gel, or sequencing1.
Negative transcription factors are proteins that repress transcription by binding to DNA and preventing RNA polymerase or other activators from accessing the gene. Negative transcription factors can regulate gene expression by turning off genes that are not needed or harmful in certain conditions67.
Gene 1 and Gene 2 have different transcription rates because they have different regulatory elements and transcription factors. Gene 1 has an enhancer and an activator that increase its transcription, while Gene 2 has a silencer and a repressor that decrease its transcription. These elements and factors may respond to different signals from inside or outside the cell, such as hormones, nutrients, or stress68.