Answer:
The scientific instrument that helped Galileo to prove Copernicus' theory of the universe was the telescope.
Step-by-step explanation:
Galileo Galilei, an Italian astronomer and physicist, used a telescope to make significant astronomical observations that supported the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus. Prior to Galileo's observations, the prevailing belief was that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that all celestial bodies revolved around it.
By studying the motion of the planets and the moon through his telescope, Galileo observed several key phenomena that provided evidence for the heliocentric model. Some of his notable observations include:
1. Phases of Venus: Galileo observed that Venus exhibited phases, similar to the moon. This observation supported Copernicus' theory that Venus orbits the sun, not the Earth.
2. Moons of Jupiter: Galileo discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, which demonstrated that celestial bodies could orbit something other than the Earth. This finding contradicted the geocentric view that all celestial bodies revolve around the Earth.
3. Imperfections on the Moon: Galileo's observations of the Moon revealed mountains, valleys, and other surface features. These imperfections challenged the belief that celestial bodies were perfectly smooth and unchanging, further supporting the idea that the heavens were not separate from the Earth.
Through his observations with the telescope, Galileo provided empirical evidence that supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory. His work laid the foundation for a new understanding of the universe and helped to revolutionize the field of astronomy.